{"id":1398,"date":"2025-01-08T12:49:23","date_gmt":"2025-01-08T04:49:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/?p=1398"},"modified":"2025-01-08T12:49:23","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T04:49:23","slug":"scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/","title":{"rendered":"The Physics of Diving &#8211; Scuba Gas Laws Theory"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Physics of Diving &#8211; Scuba Gas Laws<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A concise explanation of the critical scuba gas laws for divers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Scuba diving is all about getting gas into your body while you are underwater. What complicates scuba diving is the way gasses behave at depth, under pressure, in your body, and in your equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To dive safely and effectively, you need to understand all the&nbsp;behavior&nbsp;of these gasses intuitively and how they affect the techniques and practice of scuba diving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As part of your scuba certification, you will have come to understand certain principles of physics, in particular, the scuba gas laws which apply to diving. When you understand the scuba gas laws all the intricacies of nitrogen management, off-gassing and even the process of inflating and deflating your BCD will make more sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Article Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Scuba-Gas-Laws-%E2%80%93-Boyles-Law\" >Scuba Gas Laws &#8211; Boyle&#8217;s Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Scuba-Gas-Laws-Charles-Law\" >Scuba Gas Laws Charles&#8217; Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Scuba-Gas-Laws-Henrys-Law\" >Scuba Gas Laws Henry&#8217;s Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Scuba-Gas-Laws-Daltons-Law-of-Partial-Pressures\" >Scuba Gas Laws Dalton&#8217;s Law of Partial Pressures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Air-Mixtures-and-Partial-Pressures\" >Air Mixtures and Partial Pressures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Scuba-Gas-Laws-Oxygen-Toxicity\" >Scuba Gas Laws Oxygen Toxicity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Gas-Management-For-Scuba-Divers\" >Gas Management For Scuba Divers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#About-The-Author\" >About The Author<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-laws-for-diving-physics\/#Purchase-my-exclusive-diving-ebooks\" >Purchase my exclusive diving ebooks!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bv_Text5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scuba-Gas-Laws-%E2%80%93-Boyles-Law\"><\/span>Scuba Gas Laws &#8211; Boyle&#8217;s Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Boyle&#8217;s Law is named after Robert Boyle (1627-1691). Edme Mariotte (1620-1684), a French physicist, discovered the law independently at roughly the same time, so this law is often known as Mariotte&#8217;s or Boyle Mariotte&#8217;s law. During scuba diving classes the law is usually called Boyle&#8217;s Law. Boyle&#8217;s law relates the volume and pressure of a gas held at a constant temperature. Boyle&#8217;s law is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background\"><span style=\"font-size: 20pt;\"><strong>PV = k<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>P is the pressure of gas,<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>V is the volume of gas<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>k is a constant.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>The constant k does not need to be known to understand the relationship between P and V.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Boyle&#8217;s law basically says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>When you increase the pressure the volume decreases.<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>When you increase the volume the pressure decreases.<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/images\/bv02095.png\" alt=\"Boyle's Law for scuba divers pressure and volume\" title=\"Scuba Theory Physics\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/images\/bv02094.png\" alt=\"Scuba Theory and physics Boyle's Law\" title=\"volume versus pressure scuba diving\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This Law is often applied to demonstrate what happens during ascent and <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/best-technical-diving-computer\/\">descent<\/a> and how it compensates for the pressure in the BCD, lungs, mask, and anywhere else that air is contained. As you descend, pressure increases. As pressure increases volume decreases, so the same amount of air takes up less space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of this, as you descend you will notice that your BCD &#8220;deflates&#8221;. It is not losing air, it is compressing the same air into a smaller volume. You may also notice other effects of airspaces being compressed &#8211; wet suits fit less snugly (if you are wearing a thick neoprene suit this is even more apparent) and the airspace behind ears becomes decompressed. When <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/equalization-techniques-tips-scuba-diving\/\">equalizing<\/a> you need to let more air into your Eustachian tubes to compensate for the reduction in volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Likewise, as you ascend pressure decreases and volume increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A full BCD at depth will become fuller as you ascend &#8211; that is why you must release air from your BCD as you ascend. More importantly, it is important to exhale from your lungs as you ascend. If you hold your breath while ascending the air in your lungs expands beyond capacity, which can cause painful internal injuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/images\/chprmt.gif\" alt=\"The Physics of Diving: Scuba Gas Laws Boyle's Law\" title=\"scuba gas laws\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"scuba-b4-h2-2\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;\" id=\"scuba-840940297\"><div class=\"scuba-adlabel\">Sponsored Link<\/div><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9354033900485448\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9354033900485448\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"2393012471\" \ndata-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"false\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scuba-Gas-Laws-Charles-Law\"><\/span>Scuba Gas Laws: Charles&#8217; Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Charles&#8217; Law states the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas at a constant pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background\"><strong>T\/V = k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where T is the temperature of the gas, V is the volume&nbsp;and k is a constant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Charles-Law.jpg\" alt=\"The Physics of Diving: Scuba Gas Laws Charles' Law\" class=\"wp-image-15146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Charles-Law.jpg 350w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Charles-Law-300x161.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In a nutshell, Charles&#8217; law says that cooling a gas decreases its volume. If the volume remains fixed then the pressure must decrease. A suitable example of this phenomenon is a scuba tank bursting because it is left in the trunk of a hot car in the tropical sun (temperature rises, the volume is constant, and pressure increases).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Likewise, as you ascend pressure decreases and volume increases. A full BCD at depth will become fuller as you ascend; that is why you must release air from your BCD as you ascend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More importantly, it is important to exhale from your lungs as you ascend. If you hold your breath while ascending the air in your lungs expands beyond capacity, which can cause painful internal injuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scuba-Gas-Laws-Henrys-Law\"><\/span>Scuba Gas Laws: Henry&#8217;s Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Henry&#8217;s Law is named for William Henry, who in 1801 stated that the mass of a gas that dissolves in a volume of liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background\"><strong>&nbsp;e^P = e^{kC}<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taking the natural logarithm of this equation we get the more common version:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background\"><strong>P=KC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>P = the <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/understanding-m-values-eric-baker\/\">partial pressure<\/a> of the gas solute,<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>C is the concentration of the gas<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>K = Henry&#8217;s Law constant.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To a scuba diver, Henry&#8217;s Law tells us that at higher pressure our bodies will absorb more gasses. At great depths, the amount of nitrogen (and other gases) absorbed into our blood and tissue is greater than the amount absorbed at shallow depths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That is why a diver going to 100&#8242; has a greater risk of <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/types-decompression-sickness-dcs\/\">decompression illness<\/a> than a diver who dives only 30 feet. Since the shallow diver has absorbed less gas, it is less likely to come out of the solution in the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/images\/bv02098.jpg\" alt=\"The Physics of Diving: Scuba Gas Laws. Henry's Law\" title=\"gas solubility and pressure\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scuba-Gas-Laws-Daltons-Law-of-Partial-Pressures\"><\/span>Scuba Gas Laws: Dalton&#8217;s Law of Partial Pressures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dalton&#8217;s Law is named after John Dalton, who stated the law in 1801. The law states that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures which would be exerted by the gases individually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dalton\u2019s Law states that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures that would be exerted by each of the gases if it alone were present and occupied by the total volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, as pressure increases, partial pressure increases, and vice versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The mathematical formula describing Dalton&#8217;s Law is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background\"><strong>Ptotal = Pp1 + Pp2 + Ppn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Ptotal = total pressure of the gas<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Pp1 = partial pressure of gas component 1<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Pp2 = partial pressure of gas component 2<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Ppn = partial pressure of other gas components<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Dalton&#8217;s discovery was all gases tend to compress similarly. If you have a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen and you add 100lbs of pressure both the nitrogen and oxygen will compress equally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dalton\u2019s Law specifically deals with partial pressures. These are relevant to a number of issues in diving, including decompression, gas toxicity, use of breathing mixtures other than air, and maximum operating depths for diving. This article focuses on gas toxicity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"scuba-b4-h2-3\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;\" id=\"scuba-1778876782\"><div class=\"scuba-adlabel\">Sponsored Link<\/div><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9354033900485448\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9354033900485448\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"6151212517\" \ndata-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"false\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Air-Mixtures-and-Partial-Pressures\"><\/span>Air Mixtures and Partial Pressures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The air compressed into a scuba cylinder is for all practical purposes a gas mixture comprised of 79 % nitrogen molecules (N2) and 21 % oxygen molecules (O2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/images\/bv02096.png\" alt=\"gas partial pressures\" title=\"gas partial pressures\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>While these gas percentages define the ratios between the number of gas molecules in the mixture, it is the partial pressures of each that are responsible for the physiological effects of the individual gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the diver descends, they breathe increasingly dense air because the regulator delivers air at a pressure to match the external (ambient) water pressure. Thus, Dalton&#8217;s Law dictates that the diver is breathing correspondingly more oxygen and nitrogen molecules, per breath, the deeper they go.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The partial pressure of any given gas within the breathing mixture can be calculated by the following formula:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/images\/bv02099.png\" alt=\"Daltons Law Equation partial pressure scuba The Physics of Diving: Scuba Gas Laws\" title=\"Daltons Law Equation partial pressure scuba\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scuba-Gas-Laws-Oxygen-Toxicity\"><\/span>Scuba Gas Laws: Oxygen Toxicity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the partial pressures of each that are responsible for the physiological effects of the individual gas. Increased partial pressure of nitrogen can cause narcosis. The increased partial pressure of oxygen can cause toxicity (convulsions and unconsciousness).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As we have seen; the deeper a diver goes, the higher the partial pressures exhibited by the component gases in their breathing gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Breathing oxygen is vital to sustaining life, but at higher partial pressures, oxygen becomes toxic. The maximum O2 partial pressure a human nervous system can safely stand is 1.6 ata. (PADI recommends 1.4 ata PPO2 for normal diving).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Should a diver lose track of their depth and pass below the safe Maximum Operating Depth (MOD) for their breathing gas (air or <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/why-use-nitrox-diving-advantages-benefits\/\">nitrox<\/a>), then they would become susceptible to <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/oxygen-toxicity-thalmann\/\">oxygen toxicity<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/images\/bv02100.png\" alt=\"Oxygen O2 Partial Pressure Formula Scuba Diving The Physics of Diving: Scuba Gas Laws\" title=\"Oxygen O2 Partial Pressure Formula Scuba Diving\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gas-Management-For-Scuba-Divers\"><\/span><strong>Gas Management For Scuba Divers<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-96x150.jpg 96w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" style=\"font-size:clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.469), 20px);\">The comprehensive, illustrated, metric guide to advanced <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-gas-planning-management-divers\/\">gas planning<\/a> and management for safer scuba diving. <strong>Only $9!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em> 60 Pages. <\/em>Printable PDF format. Fully Illustrated.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" style=\"font-size:clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.313), 18px);\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/233191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gas Management For Scuba Divers eBook Download<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-resized is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/andy-davis-technical-diving\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"296\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-300x296.png\" alt=\"Andy Davis Technical Sidemount Wreck Diving Subic Bay Philippines RAID Courses Training\" class=\"wp-image-6812\" style=\"width:225px;height:222px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-1024x1009.png 1024w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-768x757.png 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About-The-Author\"><\/span>About The Author<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"274\" height=\"77\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/bmc-button-1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27046\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/bmc-button-1-1.png 274w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/bmc-button-1-1-250x70.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/andy-davis-technical-diving\/\">Andy Davis<\/a> is a <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/raid-diving-courses-philippines\/raid\/\">RAID<\/a>, PADI TecRec, ANDI, BSAC, and SSI-qualified independent <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/what-is-technical-diving\/\">technical diving<\/a> instructor who specializes in teaching <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/sidemount-courses\/\">sidemount<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/technical-diving-courses\/\">trimix<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/technical-diving-courses\/\">advanced wreck<\/a> diving courses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently residing in <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/subic-bay-wreck-diving-sites\/\">Subic Bay, Philippines<\/a>; he has amassed more than 10,000 open-circuit and CCR dives over three decades of challenging diving across the globe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andy has published numerous diving magazine articles and designed advanced certification courses for several dive training agencies, He regularly tests and reviews new dive gear for scuba equipment manufacturers. Andy is currently writing a series of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/extras\">advanced diving books <\/a>and creating a range of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.redbubble.com\/people\/andydavistech\/shop\">tech diving clothing and accessories<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prior to becoming a professional technical diving educator in 2006, Andy was a commissioned officer in the Royal Air Force and has served in Iraq, Afghanistan, Belize, and Cyprus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2023, Andy was named in the &#8220;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/gue.com\/blog\/sidemount-andy-davies\/\" target=\"_blank\">Who&#8217;s Who of Sidemount<\/a>&#8221; list by GUE InDepth Magazine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-palette-color-7-color has-vivid-red-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dd81a6de961563c5bf17302e4376cbd2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purchase-my-exclusive-diving-ebooks\"><\/span>Purchase my exclusive diving ebooks!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/233191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Gas Management For Scuba Divers Book\" class=\"wp-image-26264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-96x150.jpg 96w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/233171\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Become A Shearwater Power User Book\" class=\"wp-image-26382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-978x1536.jpg 978w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-95x150.jpg 95w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/111242\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/COVER-IMAGE-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/COVER-IMAGE-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/COVER-IMAGE-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/COVER-IMAGE-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/COVER-IMAGE-96x150.jpg 96w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/COVER-IMAGE.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/262907\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A Comprehensive Guide to Backplate &amp; Wing BCDs\" class=\"wp-image-26808\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-96x150.jpg 96w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/260377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Diving Psychology The Path to Proficiency: Mental Strategies for Scuba Divers (eBook)\" class=\"wp-image-26633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-96x150.jpg 96w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n<p id=\"rop\"><small>Originally posted 2018-03-07 23:56:57. <\/small><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An explanation of the Scuba Gas Laws for Diving. Boyle&#8217;s Law, Henry&#8217;s Law, Charles Law, Dalton&#8217;s Law, Oxygen Toxicity &#038; Partial Pressures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7153,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1824],"tags":[229,338,340,341,69,337,346,339,332,342,35,5,67,344,331,343,13,345],"class_list":["post-1398","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-scuba-diving-theory","tag-advanced-diving-knowledge","tag-boyles-law-in-scuba-diving-theory","tag-charles-law-in-scuba-diving-theory","tag-daltons-law-in-scuba-diving-theory","tag-effects-of-pressure-when-diving","tag-gas-laws-in-scuba-diving","tag-gas-volume-in-scuba-diving-theory","tag-henrys-law-in-scuba-diving-theory","tag-oxygen-in-scuba-diving","tag-partial-pressure-in-scuba-diving","tag-scuba-diver","tag-scuba-diving-advice-and-tips","tag-scuba-diving-depth","tag-scuba-diving-divemaster","tag-scuba-diving-oxygen-toxicity","tag-scuba-diving-physics-theory","tag-scuba-diving-tips","tag-scuba-gas-laws"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Physics of Diving: Scuba Gas Laws<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An explanation of the Scuba Gas Laws for Diving. 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