{"id":4739,"date":"2025-01-08T12:52:35","date_gmt":"2025-01-08T04:52:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/?p=4739"},"modified":"2025-01-08T12:52:35","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T04:52:35","slug":"dcs-immune-complement-diving","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/dcs-immune-complement-diving\/","title":{"rendered":"The Complement System When Diving: DCS And Immune Response"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">The Complement System When Diving: DCS And Immune Response<\/h1>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Blog note: The role of the immune response in DCS is not well understood by many divers. I reproduced this article from <a title=\"Scuba-Doc\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scuba-doc.com\/cmplmnt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ScubaDoc<\/a>, as I thought it valuable for understanding the wider implications of sub-clinical DCS, especially the issue of &#8216;post-dive fatigue&#8217; that indicates unhealthy <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/understanding-m-values-eric-baker\/\">decompression<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/scuba-diving-stress-management-and-diver-panic\/\">stress<\/a>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">This article &#8216;The Complement System and Diving&#8217; illustrates that bubbles cause an immune-system response (with predicted damaging consequences in the long term), and also shows how individual tolerances can play a big role in the degree of immune-system (complement system) activation.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">From my (very limited) medical understanding, the frequency (number) of bubbles would have a much more direct impact on an immune-system response. Therefore, sub-clinical DCS doesn&#8217;t present the size of bubbles needed to provoke the symptoms (pain, rash etc) that justify chamber rides; but the quantity of (micro) bubbles can still bring about harmful changes in blood\/brain chemistry. The symptoms of these changes is unusual <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/subclinical-dcs-decompression-stress-fatigue\/\">post-dive fatigue<\/a>, lethargy, sleepiness and decreased vitality.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Preventing the formation of microbubbles, or resolving them at the earliest possible opportunity, may have significant health impacts for divers<\/span><\/em>. |<em><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/andy-davis-technical-diving\/\">Andy Davis<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Article Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/dcs-immune-complement-diving\/#The-complement-system-when-diving\" >The complement system when diving<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/dcs-immune-complement-diving\/#Immune-response-and-DCS\" >Immune response and DCS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/dcs-immune-complement-diving\/#Immune-response-conditioning-from-repeated-diving-may-reduce-DCS-incidence\" >Immune response conditioning from repeated diving may reduce DCS incidence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/dcs-immune-complement-diving\/#Sensitive-immune-response-may-be-a-DCS-pre-disposing-factor\" >Sensitive immune response may be a DCS pre-disposing factor<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/dcs-immune-complement-diving\/#About-The-Author\" >About The Author<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/dcs-immune-complement-diving\/#Purchase-my-exclusive-diving-ebooks\" >Purchase my exclusive diving ebooks!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The-complement-system-when-diving\"><\/span>The complement system when diving<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>by Dr. Ernest Campbell FACS<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Considerable research over the past 10 years has been directed toward elucidation of the <\/span><a style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\" title=\"Wiki - The Complement System\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complement_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complement system<\/a><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"> and it&#8217;s effect on the body in association with bubbles. Reviewed nicely in 1997 by Andrea Zaferes in the magazine &#8216;Immersed&#8217;, the complicated but important field of how bubbles cause damage is slowly but clearly being brought to light.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immune-response-and-DCS\"><\/span>Immune response and DCS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Long thought to be a simple process of blockage of vessels and infarction, it has now been shown that there is a tripping of the <a title=\"Wiki - The Complement System\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complement_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complement system<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/decompression-sickness-immune-system\/\">immune system<\/a> (T- and B- leucocytes) when bubbles form from decompression. This immune response has a domino effect on blood chemistry that leads to marked changes in the tissues long after the bubbles are gone.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Work has also been done that shows the importance of early treatment. The longer the period of waiting after a decompression incident, the more blood chemistry changes occur and the greater the damage done, emphasizing the importance of early recompression in the treatment of decompression illness.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immune-response-conditioning-from-repeated-diving-may-reduce-DCS-incidence\"><\/span>Immune response conditioning from repeated diving may reduce DCS incidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Very interesting studies have also shown that activation of the complement system may acclimate you to the effects of a decompression <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/guy-garman-world-depth-record-fatal-dive\/\">accident<\/a>. This might be a &#8216;using up&#8217; process of multiple shallow dives with sub clinical bubbling causing complement activation and having little or none present when a subsequent deeper dive is done. This same process might be the explanation of the excessive fatigue that many divers describe after diving &#8211; the fatigue actually being the complement activation damage that is know to occur distant from local bubble sites and the hemoconcentration that occurs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sensitive-immune-response-may-be-a-DCS-pre-disposing-factor\"><\/span>Sensitive immune response may be a DCS pre-disposing factor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Individuals who have greater sensitivity to complement activation may be at greater risk for DCS manifestation and more severe DCS injury. Conversely, those with chronically &#8216;used up&#8217; complement may be a lesser risk, as in the chronic asthmatic or the atopic patient.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Finally, there might be individual variation in the sensitivity to DCS. Divers who are complement sensitive have a higher rate of DCS. Sensitivity is defined by the level of C5a increase following plasma incubation with bubbles in vitro. However, Lundgren and associates were unable to show this effect in their report in 1997.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Interestingly, workers have also found that cobra venom factor ends the manifestations of DCS in rabbits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Read more highly educational diving medical articles at <a title=\"Scuba-Doc\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scuba-doc.com\/sitemap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scuba-doc.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr width=\"100%\" \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">References:<\/span><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=1853466&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Shastri KA, Logue GL, Lundgren CE<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Link&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dbFrom=PubMed&amp;from_uid=1853466\">Related Articles<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">In vitro activation of human complement by nitrogen bubbles.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Undersea Biomed Res. 1991 May;18(3):157-65.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=8514700&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Bergh K, Hjelde A, Iversen OJ, Brubakk AO.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Variability over time of complement activation induced by air bubbles<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">in human and rabbit sera.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">J Appl Physiol. 1993 Apr;74(4):1811-5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=3494726&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Ward CA, McCullough D, Fraser WD.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Relation between complement activation and susceptibility to <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/types-decompression-sickness-dcs\/\">decompression sickness<\/a>.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">J Appl Physiol. 1987 Mar;62(3):1160-6.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=9171463&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Shastri KA, Logue GL, Lundgren CE, Logue CJ, Suggs DF<\/a>.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Diving decompression fails to activate complement.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Undersea Hyperb Med. 1997 Jun;24(2):51-7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=2316060&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Ward CA, McCullough D, Yee D, Stanga D, Fraser WD.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Complement activation involvement in decompression sickness of rabbits.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Undersea Biomed Res. 1990 Jan;17(1):51-66.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=8653063&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Pekna M, Ersson A.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Complement system response to decompression.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Undersea Hyperb Med. 1996 Mar;23(1):31-4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=7619033&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Brook WH, Secombe J, Seychell D.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Complement levels and exposure in the hypobaric chamber.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995 May;66(5):415-7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=7775308&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Hjelde A, Bergh K, Brubakk AO, Iversen OJ.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Complement activation in divers after repeated air\/heliox dives and its possible relevance to DCS.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">J Appl Physiol. 1995 Mar;78(3):1140-4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=8044147&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Katuntsev VP, Kozlov LV, Shcherbakova MA, Ageev VP, Sizoi MN.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">[Effect of decompression on the compliment system].<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1993 May-Jun;27(3):22-8. Russian.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=8286982&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Stevens DM, Gartner SL, Pearson RR, Flynn ET, Mink RB, Robinson DH, Dutka AJ.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Complement activation during saturation diving.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Undersea Hyperb Med. 1993 Dec;20(4):279-88.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=1887517&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Zhang J, Fife CE, Currie MS, Moon RE, Piantadosi CA, Vann RD.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Venous gas emboli and complement activation after deep repetitive air diving.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Undersea Biomed Res. 1991 Jul;18(4):293-302.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=9096825&amp;dopt=Abstract\">Huang KL, Lin YC.<\/a><\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica;\">Activation of complement and neutrophils increases vascular permeability during air embolism.<\/span>Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997 Apr;68(4):300-5.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Read more here:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 20pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/sub-clinical-decompression-sickness-stress-micro-bubbles\/\">Mildly Bent: Decompression Stress and Micro-Bubbles<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/decompression-sickness-immune-system\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 20pt;\"><strong>Decompression Sickness And the Immune System<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-resized is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/andy-davis-technical-diving\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"296\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-300x296.png\" alt=\"Andy Davis Technical Sidemount Wreck Diving Subic Bay Philippines RAID Courses Training\" class=\"wp-image-6812\" style=\"width:225px;height:222px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-1024x1009.png 1024w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1-768x757.png 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Cartoon-Andy-900x900-1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About-The-Author\"><\/span>About The Author<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"274\" height=\"77\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/bmc-button-1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27046\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/bmc-button-1-1.png 274w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/bmc-button-1-1-250x70.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/andy-davis-technical-diving\/\">Andy Davis<\/a> is a <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/raid-diving-courses-philippines\/raid\/\">RAID<\/a>, PADI TecRec, ANDI, BSAC, and SSI-qualified independent <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/what-is-technical-diving\/\">technical diving<\/a> instructor who specializes in teaching <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/sidemount-courses\/\">sidemount<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/technical-diving-courses\/\">trimix<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/technical-diving-courses\/\">advanced wreck<\/a> diving courses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently residing in <a href=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/subic-bay-wreck-diving-sites\/\">Subic Bay, Philippines<\/a>; he has amassed more than 10,000 open-circuit and CCR dives over three decades of challenging diving across the globe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andy has published numerous diving magazine articles and designed advanced certification courses for several dive training agencies, He regularly tests and reviews new dive gear for scuba equipment manufacturers. Andy is currently writing a series of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/extras\">advanced diving books <\/a>and creating a range of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.redbubble.com\/people\/andydavistech\/shop\">tech diving clothing and accessories<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prior to becoming a professional technical diving educator in 2006, Andy was a commissioned officer in the Royal Air Force and has served in Iraq, Afghanistan, Belize, and Cyprus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2023, Andy was named in the &#8220;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/gue.com\/blog\/sidemount-andy-davies\/\" target=\"_blank\">Who&#8217;s Who of Sidemount<\/a>&#8221; list by GUE InDepth Magazine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-palette-color-7-color has-vivid-red-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dd81a6de961563c5bf17302e4376cbd2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purchase-my-exclusive-diving-ebooks\"><\/span>Purchase my exclusive diving ebooks!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/233191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Gas Management For Scuba Divers Book\" class=\"wp-image-26264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Gas-Management-Book-Cover-Image-191x300.jpg 191w, 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srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-978x1536.jpg 978w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook-95x150.jpg 95w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Shearwater-Gradient-Factors-ebook.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a 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is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/262907\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A Comprehensive Guide to Backplate &amp; Wing BCDs\" class=\"wp-image-26808\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image-96x150.jpg 96w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/BPW-Book-Cover-Image.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/buymeacoffee.com\/andydavistech\/e\/260377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"652\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Diving Psychology The Path to Proficiency: Mental Strategies for Scuba Divers (eBook)\" class=\"wp-image-26633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-652x1024.jpg 652w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-768x1206.jpg 768w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image-96x150.jpg 96w, https:\/\/scubatechphilippines.com\/scuba_blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/The-Path-To-Proficiency-Book-Cover-Image.jpg 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 652px) 100vw, 652px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n<p id=\"rop\"><small>Originally posted 2015-12-15 14:03:50. <\/small><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Complement System and Diving by Dr. Ernest Campbell. The role of the immune response in sub-clinical DCS &#038; decompression stress issues.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":16813,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2196],"tags":[603,583,367,325,602],"class_list":["post-4739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dcs-decompression-sickness","tag-complement","tag-fatigue-after-diving","tag-scuba-dive-medicine","tag-scuba-diving-decompression-sickness-dcs","tag-sub-clinical"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Complement System When Diving: DCS &amp; Immune Response<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Complement System and Diving by Dr. Ernest Campbell. 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